A cross pattée, cross patty or cross paty, also known as a cross formy or cross formée (french: croix pattée, german: Tatzenkreuz), is a type of Christian cross with arms that are narrow at the centre, and often flared in a curve or straight line shape, to be broader at the perimeter. The form appears very early in medieval art, for example in a metalwork

treasure binding A treasure binding or jewelled bookbinding is a luxurious book cover using metalwork in gold or silver, jewels, or ivory, perhaps in addition to more usual bookbinding material for book-covers such as leather, velvet, or other cloth. The act ...

given to

Monza Cathedral The Duomo of Monza (), often known in English as Monza Cathedral, is the main religious building of Monza, Italy. Unlike most duomos, it is not in fact a cathedral, as Monza has always been part of the Diocese of Milan, but is in the charge of an ...

by Queen

Theodelinda Theodelinda also spelled ''Theudelinde'' ( 570–628 AD), was a queen of the Lombards by marriage to two consecutive Lombard rulers, Autari and then Agilulf, and regent of Lombardia during the minority of her son Adaloald, and co-regent when he ...

(died 628), and the 8th-century lower cover of the

Lindau Gospels The Lindau Gospels is an illuminated manuscript in the Morgan Library in New York, which is important for its illuminated text, but still more so for its treasure binding, or metalwork covers, which are of different periods. The oldest ele ...

in the

Morgan Library The Morgan Library & Museum, formerly the Pierpont Morgan Library, is a museum and research library in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It is situated at 225 Madison Avenue, between 36th Street to the south and 37th S ...

. An early English example from the start of the age of heraldry proper (i.e. about 1200) is found in the arms of

Baron Berkeley The title Baron Berkeley originated as a feudal title and was subsequently created twice in the Peerage of England by writ. It was first granted by writ to Thomas de Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley (1245–1321), 6th feudal Baron Berkeley, in 12 ...

Etymology

The word ''pattée'' is a French adjective in the feminine form used in its full context as ''la croix pattée'', meaning literally "footed cross", from the noun ''patte'', meaning foot, generally that of an animal. The cross has four splayed feet, each akin to the foot, for example, of a

chalice A chalice (from Latin 'mug', borrowed from Ancient Greek () 'cup') or goblet is a footed cup intended to hold a drink. In religious practice, a chalice is often used for drinking during a ceremony or may carry a certain symbolic meaning. Re ...

or candelabrum. In

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) ** Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...

it is called ''Tatzenkreuz'' from ''Tatze'', foot, paw. Planché provides a dubious suggestion that the term comes from the Latin verb ''pateo'', to lie open, be spread. He states it to be discernible on the

standard Standard may refer to: Symbols * Colours, standards and guidons, kinds of military signs * Standard (emblem), a type of a large symbol or emblem used for identification Norms, conventions or requirements * Standard (metrology), an object th ...

of King Stephen (1135–1154).

Variants

Several variants exist as follows: File:Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg, With the edges of the arms concave throughout; the "

Iron Cross The Iron Cross (german: link=no, Eisernes Kreuz, , abbreviated EK) was a military decoration in the Kingdom of Prussia, and later in the German Empire (1871–1918) and Nazi Germany (1933–1945). King Frederick William III of Prussia est ...

", as generally used on

Luftstreitkräfte The ''Deutsche Luftstreitkräfte'' (, German Air Force)—known before October 1916 as (Flyer Troops)—was the air arm of the Imperial German Army. In English-language sources it is usually referred to as the Imperial German Air Service, alth ...

aircraft in 1915 File:CrossPattéeFitchée.svg, A cross pattée with a sharp point added to the lower limb, as if for use in staking into the ground. File:Cross-Pattee-alternate3.svg, With less curvature, used on

aircraft into April 1918, and the basis for the similar cross by the

Bundeswehr The ''Bundeswehr'' (, meaning literally: ''Federal Defence'') is the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany. The ''Bundeswehr'' is divided into a military part (armed forces or ''Streitkräfte'') and a civil part, the military part con ...

of modern Germany. File:Bolnisi cross.svg,

Bolnisi cross The Bolnisi cross ( ka, ბოლნური ჯვარი ) is a cross symbol, taken from a 5th-century ornament at the Bolnisi Sioni church, which came to be used as a national symbol of Georgia. It is a variant of the Cross pattée popu ...

, official national symbol of the republic of

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...

, used on flag, coat of arms and various official and unofficial organizations of this country. File:Cross-Pattee-Alisee.svg, With the ends of the arms convex and curved; sometimes called "Alisee" (French ''croix pattée alésée arrondie'') File:Cross-Pattee-alternate2.svg, With triangular arms which come close to filling the square File:Cross-Not-Pattee-Not-Maltese.svg, With triangular arms that do not fill the square File:Cross-Pattee-alternate.svg, With straight parallel lines at the centre (considered ''pattée'' by

Rudolf Koch Rudolf Koch (20 November 1876 – 9 April 1934) was a German type designer, professor, and a master of lettering, calligraphy, typography and illustration. Commonly known for his typefaces created for the Klingspor Type Foundry, his most widel ...

in ''Book of Signs'')

Use in crowns

Many

crowns A crown is a traditional form of head adornment, or hat, worn by monarchs as a symbol of their power and dignity. A crown is often, by extension, a symbol of the monarch's government or items endorsed by it. The word itself is used, partic ...

worn by

monarch A monarch is a head of stateWebster's II New College DictionarMonarch Houghton Mifflin. Boston. 2001. p. 707. Life tenure, for life or until abdication, and therefore the head of state of a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority ...

s have jewelled crosses pattées mounted atop the band. Most crowns possess at least four such crosses, from which the half arches rise. Some crowns are designed so that the half-arches can be detached, allowing the

circlet A circlet is a piece of headwear that is similar to a diadem or a corolla. The word 'circlet' is also used to refer to the base of a crown or a coronet, with or without a cap. Diadem and circlet are often used interchangeably, and 'open crowns' wi ...

to be worn separately on occasion. A cross ''pattée'' is particularly associated with crowns in Christian countries. It is often heavily jewelled, with diamonds and precious stones. The

Koh-i-Noor The Koh-i-Noor ( ; from ), also spelled Kohinoor and Koh-i-Nur, is one of the largest cut diamonds in the world, weighing . It is part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. The diamond is currently set in the Crown of Queen Elizabeth The ...

diamond is set in a cross pattée on the

Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, also known as The Queen Mother's Crown, is the crown made for Queen Elizabeth to wear at her coronation alongside her husband, King George VI, in 1937 and State Openings of Parliament during her ...

. The British

Imperial State Crown The Imperial State Crown is one of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom and symbolises the sovereignty of the monarch. It has existed in various forms since the 15th century. The current version was made in 1937 and is worn by the monarc ...

has a base of four crosses pattée alternating with four

fleurs-de-lis The fleur-de-lis, also spelled fleur-de-lys (plural ''fleurs-de-lis'' or ''fleurs-de-lys''), is a lily (in French, and mean 'flower' and 'lily' respectively) that is used as a decorative design or symbol. The fleur-de-lis has been used in the ...

. A cross ''pattée'' on the Imperial State Crown holds the

Black Prince's Ruby The Black Prince's Ruby is a large, irregular cabochon red spinel weighing set in the cross pattée above the Cullinan II diamond at the front of the Imperial State Crown of the United Kingdom. The spinel is one of the oldest parts of the Crown ...

. The cross pattée also features in many of the other British Crowns including the

St Edward's Crown St Edward's Crown is the centrepiece of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. Named after Saint Edward the Confessor, versions of it have traditionally been used to crown English and British monarchs at their coronations since the 13th cen ...

, used for coronations, and the

Imperial Crown of India The Imperial Crown of India is the crown that was used by King in his capacity as Emperor of India at the Delhi Durbar of 1911. Origin Tradition prohibits the Crown Jewels from leaving the United Kingdom, a product of the days when kings and q ...

created for

George V George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until Death and state funeral of George V, his death in 1936. Born duri ...

Emperor of India Emperor or Empress of India was a title used by British monarchs from 1 May 1876 (with the Royal Titles Act 1876) to 22 June 1948, that was used to signify their rule over British India, as its imperial head of state. Royal Proclamation of 22 ...

to wear at the Delhi Durbar of 1911.

Use by Crusaders, Prussia and Germany

Teutonic Knights

This cross is often associated with the

Crusades The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were in ...

. The heraldic cross pattée was sometimes used by the

Teutonic Knights The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem, commonly known as the Teutonic Order, is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem. It was formed to aid Christians on ...

, a Crusader order, though their more usual emblem was a plain straight black cross on white field.. File:Crux Ordis Teutonicorum.svg, Emblem of the

Teutonic Order The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem, commonly known as the Teutonic Order, is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem. It was formed to aid Christians on ...

Iron Cross

In 1813, King

Frederick William III Frederick William III (german: Friedrich Wilhelm III.; 3 August 1770 – 7 June 1840) was King of Prussia from 16 November 1797 until his death in 1840. He was concurrently Elector of Brandenburg in the Holy Roman Empire until 6 August 1806, wh ...

Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an em ...

established the

as a decoration for military valor, and it remained in use, in various forms, by Prussia and later

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

until 1945. A stylized version of the

is used to date by the German army (

) as its symbol of nationality, and is found on vehicles, aircraft and publications. Prussian and Imperial German ''Landwehr'' and ''Landsturm'' troops used a Cross Pattée cap badge to distinguish them from regular army troops. A stylized version of the Cross Pattée is used by the modern German military (''

'') as its symbol of nationality, and is found on vehicles, aircraft and publications, with no border of any kind at the ends of each arm (as was the case with the ''

Balkenkreuz The ''Balkenkreuz'' () is a straight-armed cross that was first introduced in 1916–1918 and later became the emblem of the ''Wehrmacht'' (German Armed Forces) and its branches from 1935 until the end of World War II. It was used by the '' Wehr ...

'' used on German aircraft in 1918-1945). File:EK II 1914.jpg, German Iron Cross,

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

File:Bundeswehr Kreuz.svg, Modern

emblem

Modern usage

Belarus

The cross pattée is adopted in several municipal coats of arms of

Belarus Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by R ...

. File:Coat of Arms of Kličaŭ, Belarus.svg, Coat of arms of Klichaw File:Coat of Arms of Kruhłaje, Belarus.png, Coat of arms of Kruhlaye File:Coat of Arms of Kryčaŭ, Belarus.svg, Coat of arms of

Krychaw Krychaw or Krichev ( be, Кры́чаў, Łacinka: Kryčaŭ, ; russian: Кричев, , pl, Krzyczew) is a city in the eastern Belarusian Mogilev Region. Krychaw is the administrative center of Krychaw District. As of 2009, its population was 27 ...

File:Coat of Arms of Vorsza, Belarus.svg, Coat of arms of

Orsha Orsha ( be, О́рша, Во́рша, Orša, Vorša; russian: О́рша ; lt, Orša, pl, Orsza) is a city in Belarus in the Vitebsk Region, on the fork of the Dnieper and Arshytsa rivers. History Orsha was first mentioned in 1067 as Rsha ...

Canada

The cross pattée, a traditional Royal symbol in Canada, has been incorporated into official

national symbols A national symbol is a symbol of any entity considering and manifesting itself to the world as a national community: the sovereign states but also nations and countries in a state of colonial or other dependence, federal integration, or even an e ...

, provincial symbols and the insignia of various

national armed forces National Armed Forces (NSZ; '' Polish:'' Narodowe Siły Zbrojne) was a Polish right-wing underground military organization of the National Democracy operating from 1942. During World War II, NSZ troops fought against Nazi Germany and communist p ...

. The

Arms of Canada The Arms of Canada (french: Armoiries du Canada, links=no), also known as the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada (french: armoiries royales du Canada, links=no) or formally as the Arms of His Majesty the King in Right of Canada (french: Armoiries de Sa M ...

, numerous provincial coat of arms and the badges of the Canadian Forces feature

; that displays four cross pattée and four

fleur-de-lys The fleur-de-lis, also spelled fleur-de-lys (plural ''fleurs-de-lis'' or ''fleurs-de-lys''), is a lily (in French, and mean 'flower' and 'lily' respectively) that is used as a decorative design or symbol. The fleur-de-lis has been used in the ...

, supporting two dipped arches topped by a monde and another cross pattée. Numerous

orders, decorations, and medals of Canada The orders, decorations, and medals of Canada comprise a complex system by which Canadians are honoured by the country's sovereign for actions or deeds that benefit their community or the country at large. Modelled on its British predecessor, ...

are designed with a cross pattée, including the nation's highest civilian honour, the Order of Merit and the

Victoria Cross of Canada Victoria most commonly refers to: * Victoria (Australia), a state of the Commonwealth of Australia * Victoria, British Columbia, provincial capital of British Columbia, Canada * Victoria (mythology), Roman goddess of Victory * Victoria, Seychelle ...

the highest military honour that is derived from that of the British original

Victoria Cross The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest and most prestigious award of the British honours system. It is awarded for valour "in the presence of the enemy" to members of the British Armed Forces and may be awarded posthumously. It was previously ...

. File:Royal coat of arms of Canada (1957–1994).svg, link=Arms of Canada, Arms of Canada (1957 rendition) File:Coat of arms of Quebec.svg, link= Coat of arms of Québec, Coat of arms of Québec File:Canadian Forces emblem.svg, link=Canadian Forces, Badge of the Canadian Forces File:Order of Merit Dorothy Hodgkin (cropped).jpg, link=Order of Merit, Order of Merit

France

The cross pattée can be found on coats of arms of various French communes. File:Blason ville fr Ambacourt (Vosges).svg, Coat of arms of

Ambacourt Ambacourt () is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France. Geography The river Madon flows through the commune. The river here accommodates a small colony of beavers: this is believed to reflect the quality of the ...

File:Blason ville fr Damouzy (Ardennes).svg, Coat of arms of

Damouzy Damouzy () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France. Geography The river Sormonne forms part of the commune's southern border. Population See also *Communes of the Ardennes department The following is a list of the 449 ...

File:Blason ville fr Fontaine-lès-Luxeuil 70.svg, Coat of arms of

Fontaine-lès-Luxeuil Fontaine-lès-Luxeuil is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also ...

File:Blason ville fr Fontaines-Saint-Martin (Rhône).svg, Coat of arms of Fontaines-Saint-Martin File:Blason de la ville de Saint-Gondon (Loiret).svg, Coat of arms of Saint-Gondon

Georgia

The Bolnisi cross ( ka, ბოლნისის ჯვარი ') is a cross symbol, taken from a 5th-century ornament at the Bolnisi Sioni church, which came to be used as one of the oldest national symbol of Georgia. It was used on the flags and coat of arms of the

Kingdom of Georgia The Kingdom of Georgia ( ka, საქართველოს სამეფო, tr), also known as the Georgian Empire, was a medieval Eurasian monarchy that was founded in circa 1008 AD. It reached its Golden Age of political and economic ...

and the current Republic of Georgia, with its various organizations and administrative divisions. File:Bolnisi Sioni - Georgian inscription.JPG,

Bolnisi Sioni Bolnisi Sioni ( ka, ბოლნისის სიონი) or Bolnisi Sioni Cathedral is a Georgian Orthodox basilica in the Bolnisi village of Bolnisi District, Georgia. The cathedral was built in 478–493. It is the oldest extant church ...

inscriptions. Oldest Georgian inscription that uses the Asomtavruli script, predating the modern Mkhedruli script, inside Georgia. File:Flag of Georgia.svg,

Flag of Georgia Flag of Georgia may refer to: *Flag of Georgia (country) ** Flag of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic *Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) The current flag of Georgia was adopted on February 19, 2003. The flag bears three horizontal stripes ( ...

File:Greater coat of arms of Georgia.svg,

Coat of arms of Georgia The coat of arms of Georgia is one of the national symbols of the republic. It is partially based on the medieval arms of the Georgian royal house and features Saint George, the traditional patron saint of Georgia. In addition to St. George, t ...

File:DFG small Emblem green.png, Roundel of the Georgian Defense Forces File:Bolnisi COA.svg, Coat of arms of the city of

Bolnisi Bolnisi ( ka, ბოლნისი, az, Qəmərli), is a city in the country of Georgia, located in the Kvemo Kartli region and capital of the Bolnisi district. It currently has an estimated 13,800 inhabitants. History Bolnisi was settled ...

Montenegro

The Montenegrin cross-flag ('' Krstaš-barjak'') has been used in

Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = M ...

since medieval times to represent the

state State may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Literature * ''State Magazine'', a monthly magazine published by the U.S. Department of State * ''The State'' (newspaper), a daily newspaper in Columbia, South Carolina, United States * ''Our S ...

, and lately its military divisions. The earliest documented use of this flag has been recorded in 1687. During the 1990s, it was used as a symbol of Montenegrin independence movement, most notably by the

Liberal Alliance of Montenegro Liberal Alliance of Montenegro ( cnr, italic=no, Liberalni savez Crne Gore - LSCG; Либерални савез Црне Горе - ЛСЦГ) was a Montenegrin separatist, liberal and anti-war political party, active between 1990 and 2005. The ...

. Nowadays, Montenegro's Royal Capital City

Cetinje Cetinje (, ) is a town in Montenegro. It is the former royal capital (''prijestonica'' / приjестоница) of Montenegro and is the location of several national institutions, including the official residence of the president of Montenegro ...

uses ''krstaš'' flag as its flag. It is also used as an unofficial alternate Montenegrin flag, as well as by local trademarks and societies related to Montenegro. File:Flag of the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro2.svg, Flag of the

Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro The Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro ( sr, Митрополство Црногорско, Mitropolstvo Crnogorsko) was an ecclesiastical principality that existed from 1516 until 1852. The principality was located around modern-day Montenegro. It ...

File:Vucji Do flag.svg, Montenegrin flag used in the

Battle of Vučji Do The Battle of Vučji Do ( sr-cyr, Битка код Вучјег дола) was a major battle of the Montenegrin-Ottoman War of 1876-78 that took place on 18 July 1876 in Vučji Do, Montenegro, fought between the combined forces of Montenegr ...

. The Н.I. initials indicate Prince Nicholas I. One of the most important historical Montenegrin flags. File:Flag_of_Cetinje.svg, Flag of

Old Royal Capital Cetinje Old Royal Capital Cetinje ( Montenegrin and Serbian: Prijestonica Cetinje / Пријестоница Цетиње) is one of the territorial subdivisions of Montenegro. It has the status of the Old Royal Capital (), which is also translated in E ...

File:Niksic-Grb.gif, Coat of arms of

Nikšić Municipality Nikšić Municipality ( Montenegrin and Serbian: Opština Nikšić / Општина Никшић) is one of the municipalities of Montenegro. The municipality is located in central and northwestern region of Montenegro. The administrative centre o ...

File:Roundel_of_Montenegro.svg, Modern

Montenegrin Air Force The Montenegrin Air Force ( cg, Vazduhoplovstvo i protivvazdušna odbrana, italics=yes; ''V i PVO'') is the air arm of the Military of Montenegro. The aircraft marking of the Montenegrin Air Force consist of a red-on-gold roundel, currently bein ...

roundel File:Montenegrin_Police_Special_Counter-Terrorist_Unit_Insignia.png, Montenegrin Police Special Counter-Terrorist Unit Insignia File:Flag of Montenegrins in Serbia.svg, Flag of

Montenegrins of Serbia The Montenegrins of Serbia ( sr, Црногорци у Србији, Crnogorci u Srbiji) are a national minority in the country. According to the 2011 census, there are 38,527 citizens of recent Montenegrin descent, Montenegrin Serbs, or ethnic ...

File:Řád_knížete_Danila_I.jpg,

Order of Prince Danilo I The Order of Prince Danilo I ( cnr, Орден Књаза Данила I, translit=Orden Knjaza Danila I) was an order of the Principality and later Kingdom, of Montenegro. It is currently a dynastic order granted by the head of the House of Pet ...

Poland

File:POL województwo podkarpackie COA.svg, Coat of arms of

Podkarpackie Voivodeship Subcarpathian Voivodeship or Subcarpathia Province (in pl, Województwo podkarpackie ) is a voivodeship, or province, in the southeastern corner of Poland. Its administrative capital and largest city is Rzeszów. Along with the Marshall, it is ...

File:POL Przemyśl COA.svg, Coat of arms of

Przemyśl Przemyśl (; yi, פשעמישל, Pshemishl; uk, Перемишль, Peremyshl; german: Premissel) is a city in southeastern Poland with 58,721 inhabitants, as of December 2021. In 1999, it became part of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship; it was pr ...

File:POL Rzeszów COA.svg, Coat of arms of

Rzeszów Rzeszów ( , ; la, Resovia; yi, ריישא ''Raisha'')) is the largest city in southeastern Poland. It is located on both sides of the Wisłok River in the heartland of the Sandomierz Basin. Rzeszów has been the capital of the Subcarpathian ...

File:POL Skierniewice COA.svg, Coat of arms of

Skierniewice Skierniewice is a city in central Poland with 47,031 inhabitants (2021), situated in the Łódź Voivodeship (since 1999), previously capital of Skierniewice Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is the capital of Skierniewice County. The town is situat ...

Portugal

The

Portuguese heraldry Portuguese heraldry encompasses the modern and historic traditions of heraldry in Portugal and the Portuguese Empire. Portuguese heraldry is part of the larger Iberian tradition of heraldry, one of the major schools of heraldic tradition, and gra ...

makes a very common use of three variants of the cross pattée, the standard form (also as a variant of the Maltese cross proper, associated with the

Knights Hospitaller The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem ( la, Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller (), was a medieval and early modern Catholic Church, Catholic Military ord ...

), the Alisee form (associated with the

Knights Templar , colors = White mantle with a red cross , colors_label = Attire , march = , mascot = Two knights riding a single horse , equipment ...

) and the Order of Christ cross (associated with this order of chivalry and also used as one of main the National symbols of Portugal). These crosses are often present on the arms of the municipalities located in former domains of these orders. File:PFR1.png, Coat of arms of

Paços de Ferreira Paços de Ferreira () is a city in the Porto District, in the north of Portugal. The population of the city in 2011 was 7491, while its municipality had 56,340 inhabitants, in an area of 70.99 km². Sometimes referred to as the ''Capital do ...

File:Coat of arms of Madeira.svg, Coat of arms of

Madeira ) , anthem = ( en, "Anthem of the Autonomous Region of Madeira") , song_type = Regional anthem , image_map=EU-Portugal_with_Madeira_circled.svg , map_alt=Location of Madeira , map_caption=Location of Madeira , subdivision_type=Sovereign st ...

File:Roundel of Portugal.svg, Roundel of the

Portuguese Air Force , colours = , colours_label = , march = , mascot = , anniversaries = 1 July , equipment = , equipment_label ...

File:Portuguese_Football_Federation.svg A Seleção (The Selection)

Russia

File:Russian Federation. Emblem of the Border Guard Service of the Federal Security Service.svg, Emblem of the Border Service File:Coat of arms of Kirov Region.svg, Coat of arms of

Kirov Oblast Kirov Oblast (russian: Ки́ровская о́бласть, ''Kirovskaya oblast'') is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) in Eastern Europe. Its administrative center is the city of Kirov. Population: 1,341,312 ( 2010 Census). Geography Na ...

File:Coat of Arms of Perm Krai.svg, Coat of Arms of

Perm Krai Perm Krai (russian: Пе́рмский край, r=Permsky kray, p=ˈpʲɛrmskʲɪj ˈkraj, ''Permsky krai'', , ''Perem lador'') is a federal subject of Russia (a krai) that came into existence on December 1, 2005 as a result of the 2004 refe ...

File:Coat of Arms of Borisovka (Belgorod oblast).svg, Coat of arms of Borisovka, Belgorod Oblast

Spain

File:Coat of Arms of El Bierzo.svg, Coat of arms of

El Bierzo El Bierzo (; ; gl, O Bierzo) is a ''comarca'' in the province of León, Spain. Its capital is the town of Ponferrada. Other major towns are Bembibre and Villafranca del Bierzo, the historical capital. The territory of El Bierzo includes m ...

File:Coat of Arms of Mondoñedo.svg, Coat of arms of

Mondoñedo Mondoñedo () is a small town and municipality in the Galician province of Lugo, Spain. , the town has a population of 4,508. Mondoñedo occupies a sheltered valley among the northern outliers of the Cantabrian Mountains. Despite being the core ...

File:Escudo de Morcín.svg, Coat of arms of

Morcín Morcín is a municipality in the Autonomous Community of the Principality of Asturias, Spain. It is bordered on the north by Santo Adriano and Ribera de Arriba, on the east by Ribera and Mieres, on the south by Riosa on the west by Quirós. Pa ...

File:Escudo de Oviedo.svg, Coat of arms of

Oviedo Oviedo (; ast, Uviéu ) is the capital city of the Principality of Asturias in northern Spain and the administrative and commercial centre of the region. It is also the name of the municipality that contains the city. Oviedo is located ap ...

File:Escut del Priorat.svg, Coat of arms of

Priorat Priorat () is a comarca (county) in Catalonia, Spain. The central part of the comarca, "Priorat històric," produces the highly regarded wines that are certified under the DOQ Priorat. Wines from elsewhere in the comarca are certified as DO M ...

File:Coat of Arms of Sabiñánigo.svg, Coat of arms of

Sabiñánigo Sabiñánigo (''Samianigo'' in Aragonese) is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragón, Spain, capital of the comarca of Alto Gállego. Formerly, the region was called Serrablo, hence the demonym "serrablese". Sabiñánigo is at ...

File:Coat of Arms of Sitges.svg, Coat of arms of

Sitges Sitges (, , ) is a town about 35 kilometres southwest of Barcelona, in Spain, renowned worldwide for its Film Festival, Carnival, and LGBT Culture. Located between the Garraf Massif and the Mediterranean Sea, it is known for its beaches, nights ...

File:Coat of Arms of Villafáfila.svg, Coat of arms of

Villafáfila Villafáfila is a municipality located in the province of Zamora, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE INE, Ine or ine may refer to: Institutions * Institut für Nukleare Entsorgung, a German nuclear research center * ...

Sweden

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...

, the term "

Saint George's Cross In heraldry, Saint George's Cross, the Cross of Saint George, is a red cross on a white background, which from the Late Middle Ages became associated with Saint George, the military saint, often depicted as a crusader. Associated with the cru ...

" sometimes refers to the cross pattée used by Swedish Freemasons. For example, the cross of the Swedish Order of Freemasons was defined by the

King of Sweden The monarchy of Sweden is the monarchical head of state of Sweden,See the Instrument of Government, Chapter 1, Article 5. which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system.Parliamentary system: see the Instrument o ...

in 1928 to be a "red St George's cross with triangular arms". . File:Frimurarflagga.svg, Flag of the Swedish Order of Freemasons File:Svenska Frimurar Orden vapen.svg, Coat of arms of the Swedish Order of Freemasons

Ukraine

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...

, the " cossack cross" was used historically in banners by

cossack The Cossacks , es, cosaco , et, Kasakad, cazacii , fi, Kasakat, cazacii , french: cosaques , hu, kozákok, cazacii , it, cosacchi , orv, коза́ки, pl, Kozacy , pt, cossacos , ro, cazaci , russian: казаки́ or ...

s, installed on their graves, and nowadays part of emblems of a number of Ukrainian state bodies connected with security, including the

Armed Forces of Ukraine , imports = , exports = , history = , ranks = Military ranks of Ukraine , country=Ukraine The Armed Forces of Ukraine ( uk, Збро́йні си́ли Украї́ни), most commonly known ...

Military

File:Emblem of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine.svg, Emblem of the

Ministry of Defence of Ukraine Ministry may refer to: Government * Ministry (collective executive), the complete body of government ministers under the leadership of a prime minister * Ministry (government department), a department of a government Religion * Christian mi ...

File:General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces.svg, Emblem of the

General Staff A military staff or general staff (also referred to as army staff, navy staff, or air staff within the individual services) is a group of officers, enlisted and civilian staff who serve the commander of a division or other large military un ...

File:Emblem of the Defence Intelligence of Ukraine.svg, Emblem of the

Defence Intelligence Defence Intelligence (DI) is an organisation within the United Kingdom intelligence community which focuses on gathering and analysing military intelligence. It differs from the UK's intelligence agencies (MI6, GCHQ and MI5) in that it is an ...

File:Emblem of the Ukrainian Armed Forces.svg, Emblem of the

Ukrainian Armed Forces , imports = , exports = , history = , ranks = Military ranks of Ukraine , country=Ukraine The Armed Forces of Ukraine ( uk, Збро́йні си́ли Украї́ни), most commonly know ...

File:Emblem of the Ukrainian Ground Forces.svg, Emblem of the

Ukrainian Ground Forces The Ukrainian Ground Forces ( uk, Сухопу́тні військá Збрóйних сил Украї́ни), also known as the Ukrainian Army, are the Army, land forces of Ukraine and one of the five Military branch, branches of the Armed For ...

File:Emblem of the Ukrainian Navy.svg, Emblem of the

Ukrainian Navy The Military Naval Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine ( uk, Військо́во-морські́ си́ли Збро́йних сил Украї́ни, ВМС ЗСУ) is the maritime forces of Ukraine and one of the five branches of the Arme ...

File:Emblem of the Ukrainian Air Force.svg, Emblem of the

Ukrainian Air Force The Ukrainian Air Force ( uk, Пові́тряні си́ли Збро́йних сил Украї́ни) is the air force of Ukraine and one of the five branches of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Its headquarters are in the city of Vinnytsia. W ...

File:Emblem of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine.svg, Emblem of the State Border Guard Service File:Security Service of Ukraine Emblem.svg, Emblem of the

Security Service of Ukraine The Security Service of Ukraine ( uk, Служба безпеки України, translit=Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrainy}) or SBU ( uk, СБУ, link=no) is the law enforcement authority and main intelligence and security agency of the Ukrainian ...

Volhynia

File:Alex Volhynia.svg, Coat of arms of the Volhynian Duchy (Principality) File:Principality of Volyn.png, Coat of arms of Volhynia with the Muscovite

Monomakh's Cap Monomakh's Cap (russian: шапка Мономаха, translit=shapka Monomakha), also called the Golden Cap (russian: шапка Золотая, links=no, translit=shapka Zolotaya), is a chief relic of the Russian Grand Princes and Tsars. It ...

File:POL województwo wołyńskie IRP COA.svg, Volhynian Voivodeship in the

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and, after 1791, as the Commonwealth of Poland, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Crown of the Kingdom of ...

File:Novohrad-Volynskyi coat of arms (1796).gif, Coat of arms of the Russian Volhynian Vice-royaly (Namestnichestvo) File:COA of Volin gubernia.png, Coat of arms of

Volhynian Governorate Volhynian Governorate or Volyn Governorate (russian: Волы́нская губе́рния, translit=Volynskaja gubernija, uk, Волинська губернія, translit=Volynska huberniia) was an administrative-territorial unit initially ...

File:POL województwo wołyńskie II RP COA.svg, Volhynian Voivodeship in Poland (1920-1939) File:Coat of Arms of Rivne Oblast.svg, Coat of arms of

Rivne Oblast Rivne Oblast ( uk, Рі́вненська о́бласть, translit=Rivnenska oblast), also referred to as Rivnenshchyna ( uk, Рі́вненщина) is an oblast (province) of Ukraine. Its administrative center is Rivne. The surface area of th ...

File:Coat of Arms of Zhytomyr Oblast.svg, Coat of arms of

Zhytomyr Oblast Zhytomyr Oblast ( uk, Жито́мирська о́бласть, translit=Zhytomyrska oblast), also referred to as Zhytomyrshchyna ( uk, Жито́мирщина}) is an oblast (province) of northern Ukraine. The administrative center of the obla ...

Eastern Podolia

File:POL województwo bracławskie IRP COA.svg,

Braclaw Voivodeship Bratslav ( uk, Брацлав; pl, Bracław; yi, בראָצלעוו, ''Brotslev'', today also pronounced Breslev or '' Breslov'' as the name of a Hasidic group, which originated from this town) is an urban-type settlement in Ukraine, located ...

File:Coat of Arms of Vinnytsa Oblast.svg,

Vinnytsia Oblast Vinnytsia Oblast ( uk, Ві́нницька о́бласть, translit=Vinnytska oblast; ; also referred to as Vinnychchyna — uk, Ві́нниччина) is an oblast of western and southwestern Ukraine. Its administrative center is Vinnytsia. ...

Poltava (Myrhorod ossackCross)

File:Flag of Poltava Oblast.svg, Flag of Poltava Oblast File:UKR Mirgorod COA.svg,

Myrhorod Myrhorod ( uk, Ми́ргород, ) is a city in the Poltava Oblast (province) of central Ukraine. Serving as the administrative center of the Myrhorod Raion (district), the city itself is administratively incorporated as a city of oblast s ...

city File:Coat of Arms of Poltava Oblast.svg,

Poltava Oblast Poltava Oblast ( uk, Полта́вська о́бласть, translit=Poltavska oblast; also referred to as Poltavshchyna – uk, Полта́вщина, literally 'Poltava Country') is an oblast (province) of central Ukraine. The administrative ...

United Kingdom

University of Durham

File:Durham shield.png, Coat of arms of the

University of Durham Durham University (legally the University of Durham) is a collegiate university, collegiate public university, public research university in Durham, England, Durham, England, founded by an Act of Parliament in 1832 and incorporated by royal charte ...

File:Durham - St Marys arms.png, Coat of arms of

St Mary's College, Durham St Mary's College is a college of Durham University in England. Following the grant of a supplemental charter in 1895 allowing women to receive degrees of the university, St Mary's was founded as the Women's Hostel in 1899, adopting its present nam ...

File:Durham - St Johns arms.png, Coat of arms of

St John's College, Durham St John's College is a University of Durham#Colleges, college of the University of Durham, United Kingdom. It is one of only two "recognised colleges" of the university, the other being St Chad's College, St Chad's. This means that it is financial ...

File:Durham - Ustinov arms.png, Coat of arms of

Ustinov College, Durham Ustinov College is the largest University of Durham#Colleges, college of Durham University, located in Durham, England, Durham, North East England. Founded as the Graduate Society in 1965, it became a college in 2003 and was named after then-chance ...

File:College of St Hild, Durham.svg, Coat of arms of the former College of St Hild, Durham File:College of St Hild & St Bede, Durham.svg, Coat of arms of the College of SS Hild and Bede, Durham File:John Snow College, Durham.svg, Coat of arms of John Snow College, Durham File:Arms of South College, Durham.svg, Coat of arms of

South College, Durham South College is a Colleges of Durham University, college of Durham University, which accepted its first students in autumn 2020. It is located in new buildings at Mount Oswald on Elvet Hill, to the south of Durham City, adjoining Van Mildert Co ...

Other uses

The cross pattée is also placed before the name of the bishop who issues a Catholic

imprimatur An ''imprimatur'' (sometimes abbreviated as ''impr.'', from Latin, "let it be printed") is a declaration authorizing publication of a book. The term is also applied loosely to any mark of approval or endorsement. The imprimatur rule in the R ...

, and is occasionally found as a map symbol indicating the location of a Christian site. It appears in the emblem of: * The

* The

Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) The Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) is a military decoration of the United States Armed Forces. The medal was established on July 2, 1926, and is currently awarded to any persons who, after April 6, 1917, distinguish themselves by single acts ...

* The

Bundeswehr Cross of Honour for Valour The Bundeswehr Cross of Honour for Valour (german: Ehrenkreuz der Bundeswehr für Tapferkeit) is the highest military decoration of the Bundeswehr. It is the highest class of the Bundeswehr Cross of Honour. The decoration is the first combat va ...

* The Badge of Honour of the Bundeswehr * The

Order of St. George The Order of Saint George (russian: Орден Святого Георгия, Orden Svyatogo Georgiya) is the highest military decoration of the Russian Federation. Originally established on 26 November 1769 Julian (7 December 1769 Gregorian) a ...

*The

Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" The Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" (russian: Орден «За заслуги перед Отечеством», ''Orden "Za zaslugi pered Otechestvom"'') is a state decoration of the Russian Federation. It was instituted on 2 March 1994 by P ...

* The

Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky The Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky ( uk, Орден Богдана Хмельницького, Orden Bohdana Khmelʹnytsʹkoho) is a Ukrainian military award named after Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Hetman of the Ukrainian Cossacks. The award was establi ...

* The

Portuguese Football Federation The Portuguese Football Federation (FPF) ( pt, Federação Portuguesa de Futebol; ) is the governing body of football in Portugal. The federation was formed in 1914 as Portuguese Football Union (UPF) by the three existing regional associations ...

F.C. Paços de Ferreira Futebol Clube Paços de Ferreira () is a Portuguese football club based in Paços de Ferreira, Porto district. Founded in 1950, the club competes in the Primeira Liga, holding home games at the 9,077-seater Estádio da Mata Real, a municipal s ...

, a Portuguese football club *

C.F. Os Belenenses Clube de Futebol Os Belenenses, commonly known as Os Belenenses (), is a Portuguese sports club best known for its football team. Founded in 1919, it is one of the oldest Portuguese sports clubs. It is based in the 25,000-seat Estádio do Rest ...

, a Lisboeta football club *

Casa Pia A.C. Casa Pia Atlético Clube is a Portuguese multi-sports founded in 1920 and based in Lisbon, Portugal, best-known for its football team, that competes in the Primeira Liga. The club is named after Casa Pia, a Portuguese children's charity, and many ...

, a Portuguese sports association *

Mira Mar SC Mira Mar Sport Clube ''(known as Mira Mar SC or Mira Mar),'' is a Portuguese football club based in Povoação on the island of São Miguel in the Azores. Background Mira Mar SC currently plays in the AF Ponta Delgada 1ª Divisão (known as ...

, a Portuguese football club *

Flag of Asturias The flag of Asturias shows the "Cruz de la Victoria" (Victory Cross) in yellow ( PMS 109) over blue (PMS 829). History The origin of the flag of Asturias is in 1808, during the Peninsular War. As there was not any Spanish official flag yet, A ...

, a Spanish Principality * Toulouse FC, a French football club * The Sir Knight, Geneva Glen Camp's Highest rank in the orders * The

Knights of Columbus The Knights of Columbus (K of C) is a global Catholic fraternal service order founded by Michael J. McGivney on March 29, 1882. Membership is limited to practicing Catholic men. It is led by Patrick E. Kelly, the order's 14th Supreme Knight. ...

, designed in 1883, and called a "cross formée" *

Independent Truck Company Independent Truck Company is a skateboard truck manufacturer based in Santa Cruz, California. Established in 1978, the company is owned by NHS, Inc. and sponsors an extensive list of team riders. History The company was co-founded by Richard No ...

, a manufacturer of skating equipment (in the ''alisée'' form, with the ends of the arms in the shape of arcs of an enclosing circle) * The Crossmen Drum and Bugle Corps * Schneider Cams, a speed equipment manufacturer *

Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama (), commonly referred as Vasco da Gama or simply Vasco, is a professional sports club based in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Originally a rowing club, Vasco is mostly known for its football team, who it currently compet ...

, a South African sports club *

, a Brazilian sports club *

Neath RFC Neath Rugby Football Club ( cy, Clwb Rygbi Castell-Nedd) is a Welsh rugby union club which plays in the WRU Championship. The club's home ground is The Gnoll, Neath. The team is known as the All Blacks because of the team colours: black with onl ...

, a rugby team *

The Eaton House Group of Schools ''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things already mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the ...

FC Volyn Lutsk FC may refer to: Businesses, organisations, and schools * Fergusson College, a science and arts college in Pune, India * Finncomm Airlines (IATA code) * FranklinCovey company, NYSE stock symbol FC * Frontier Corps, a paramilitary force in Pakis ...

, a Ukrainian football club *

Black Label Society Black Label Society is an American heavy metal band formed in Los Angeles, California in 1998 by guitarist/singer Zakk Wylde. To date, the band has released eleven studio albums, two live albums, two compilation albums, one EP, and three vid ...

, a heavy metal band *

Flag of the Hispanic People The Flag of the Hispanicity ( es, Bandera de la Hispanidad)) is a flag sometimes used to represent the Hispanic people or Hispanic community. Symbolism The Flag of the Hispanicity displays a white background with three purple crosses and a ris ...

* The Fifth Corps, a unit of the Union

Army of the Potomac The Army of the Potomac was the principal Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It was created in July 1861 shortly after the First Battle of Bull Run and was disbanded in June 1865 following the surrender of the Confedera ...

during the

American Civil War The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), the latter formed by states th ...

from 1862–1865. Firefighters, especially in the United States, commonly use a version with triangular arms for patches and medals, though the cross pattée and the cross of St. Florian are both commonly mistaken for the Maltese cross. The cross pattée is used on the Marksmanship Badge in the

United States Army The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.Article II, section 2, cla ...

, and

United States Marine Corps The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is the maritime land force service branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations through combi ...

Encoding

Unicode Unicode, formally The Unicode Standard,The formal version reference is is an information technology Technical standard, standard for the consistent character encoding, encoding, representation, and handling of Character (computing), text expre ...

, a Cross pattée character is encoded under the name " Maltese Cross" in the

Dingbat In typography, a dingbat (sometimes more formally known as a printer's ornament or printer's character) is an ornament, specifically, a glyph used in typesetting, often employed to create box frames, (similar to box-drawing characters) or a ...

s range at code point U+2720 (✠). The character "X" is rendered as a cross pattée in the Microsoft

Wingdings Wingdings is a series of dingbat fonts that render letters as a variety of symbols. They were originally developed in 1990 by Microsoft by combining glyphs from Lucida Icons, Arrows, and Stars licensed from Charles Bigelow and Kris Holmes. Ce ...

font.

References

External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cross pattee Christian crosses Pattee